Pathways for Supported Bilayer Formation from Vesicles
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Vesicles in solution


Adsorption
Vesicles on the surface
Accumulation
Rupture
Supported vesicular layer
Single bilayer
disks
Fusion
Decomposition

Coalescence
Supported bilayer



Adsorption
Accumulation
Rupture

Fusion
Decomposition

Coalescence

The diagrams above summarize the existing information about the process of supported bilayer formation on hydrophilic surfaces. The molecular level details regarding virtually every step in this process remain a mystery.
Experimental evidence for each of the processes is presented below.


Adsorption - Rupture - Coalescence Pathway and the Critical Rupture Radius



Sonicated EggPC vesicles adsorbed on the surface of mica in EDTA buffer. 0.5 mg/ml lipid The vesicles are seen to remain intact.
Contact mode image, 1.5 x 1.5 µm.

Extruded, r ~ 25 nm EggPC vesicles adsorbed on the surface of mica in EDTA buffer. 3 mg/ml lipid. In the insets, images of several and of one vesicle are shown. The sample was washed with a solution of a protein, Cholera Toxin Subunit B5 (take a look here), to fix the vesicles on the surface (the idea is due to Shao et al). The protein molecules can be seen surrounding the vesicle in the right inset. Contact mode images, 5 x 5 µm, right inset: x100x110 nm.
Extruded, r ~ 50 nm EggPC vesicles adsorbed on the surface of mica in EDTA buffer. Two kinds of objects are visible: single bilayer disks and intact vesicles (green and turquoise arrowheads, respectively). 0.006 mg/ml lipid. Contact mode image, 3 x 3 µm.
Size analysis of both kinds of objects revealed that vesicles with r > 75 nm ruptured, while those with r < 75 nm remained intact. See Reviakine and Brisson
, Langmuir 17 8293 (2002), for detailed discussion and comparison with theoretical work.
Single bilayer disks, formed by rupture of individual vesicles, coalesce to form a (nearly) complete bilayer.
Left-to-right, 7
µm, 5 µm and 5 µm images.




In this movie, the late stages of bilayer formation from EggPC liposomes on mica are captured. One can see individual single bilayer disks coalescing to form a continuous bilayer.
Formation of a Supported Bilayer via a Supported Vesicular Layer
The information about this pathway of  SPB formation will be added shortly.